The Large Hadron Collider and the Frontier of Physics

The science of particle physics looks at the very building blocks of matter — the atoms and particles that make up much of the material in the cosmos. Its a complex science that requires painstaking measurements of particles moving at high speeds. This science got a huge boost when the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began operations in September 2008. Its name sounds very science-fictiony but the word collider actually explains exactly what it does: send two high-energy particle beams at nearly the speed of light around a 27-kilometer long underground ring. At the right time, the beams are forced to collide. Protons in the beams then smash together and, if all goes well, smaller bits and pieces — called subatomic particles — are created for brief moments in time. Their actions and existence are recorded. From that activity, physicists learn more about the very fundamental constituents of matter. LHC and Particle Physics The LHC was built to answer some incredibly important questions in physics, delving into where mass comes from, why the cosmos is made of matter instead of its opposite stuff called antimatter, and what the mysterious stuff known as dark matter could possibly be. It could also provide important new clues about conditions in the very early  universe when gravity and electromagnetic forces were all combined with the weak and strong forces into one all-encompassing force. That only happened for a short time in the early universe, and physicists want to know why and how it changed.   The science of particle physics is essentially the search for  the very basic building blocks of matter. We know about the atoms and molecules that make up everything we see and feel. The atoms themselves are made up of smaller components: the nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is itself made up of protons and neutrons. Thats not the end of the line, however. The neutrons are made up of subatomic particles called quarks. Are there smaller particles? Thats what particle accelerators are designed to find out. The way they do this is to create conditions similar to what it was like just after the Big Bang — the event that began the universe. At that point, some 13.7 billion years ago, the universe was made only of particles. They were scattered freely through the infant cosmos and roamed constantly. These include mesons, pions, baryons, and hadrons (for which the accelerator is named). Particle physicists (the people who study these particles) suspect that matter is made up of at least twelve kinds of fundamental particles. They are divided into quarks (mentioned above) and leptons. There are six of each type. That only accounts for some of the fundamental particles in nature. The rest are created in super-energetic collisions (either in the Big Bang or in accelerators such as the LHC). Inside those collisions, particle physicists get a very fast glimpse at what conditions were like in the Big Bang, when the fundamental particles were first created. What is the LHC? The LHC is the largest particle accelerator in the world, a big sister to Fermilab in Illinois and other smaller accelerators. LHC is located near Geneva, Switzerland, built and operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research, and used by more than 10,000 scientists from around the world. Along its ring, physicists and technicians have installed extremely strong supercooled magnets that guide and shape the beams of particles through a beam pipe). Once the beams are moving fast enough, specialized magnets guide them to the correct positions where the collisions take place. Specialized detectors record the collisions, the particles, the temperatures and other conditions at the time of the collision, and the particle actions in the billionths of a second during which the smash-ups take place. What Has the LHC Discovered? When particle physicists planned and built the LHC, one thing they hoped to find evidence for is the Higgs Boson. Its a particle named after Peter Higgs, who predicted its existence. In 2012, the LHC consortium announced that experiments had revealed the existence of a boson that matched the expected criteria for the Higgs Boson. In addition to the continued search for the Higgs, scientists using the LHC have created whats called a quark-gluon plasma, which is the densest matter thought to exist outside of a black hole. Other particle experiments are helping physicists understand supersymmetry, which is a spacetime symmetry that involves two related types of particles: bosons and fermions. Each group of particles is thought to have an associated superpartner particle in the other. Understanding such supersymmetry would give scientists further insight into whats called the standard model. Its a theory that explains what the world is, what holds its matter together, and the forces and particles involved. The Future of the LHC Operations at the LHC have included two major observing runs. In between each one, the system is refurbished and upgraded to improve its instrumentation and detectors. The next updates (slated for 2018 and beyond) will include an increase in collisional velocities, and a chance to increase the luminosity of the machine. What that means is that LHC will be able to see ever more rare and fast-occurring processes of particle acceleration and collision. The faster the collisions can occur, the more energy will be released as ever-smaller and harder-to-detect particles are involved. This will give particle physicists an even better look at the very building blocks of matter that make up the stars, galaxies, planets, and life.

Factors Persuading Criminal Justice Staff Conduct Paper

Factors persuading criminal justice staff conduct paper University of Phoenix Factors persuading criminal justice staff conduct paper Many things play a role influencing how criminal justice officers will act and how the actions will affect the criminal justice system and the society that they have to protect and serve on a daily basis because of the influences of their actions. In the paper, it will be discussed the assess risk, responsibility, and financial effect working together with discretionary power worked out. By staff in the criminal justice system, and What part does a civilian oversight committee have in guaranteeing authoritative forces not manhandled as it applies to policies, procedures, risk, monetary elements, and†¦show more content†¦The reputation can also obtain easy to lose, also, on the bottom line; the implication can feel because of this too. The organizations sometimes have suffered losses for the reason of the illegal acts of their employees every so often. It can have disastrous effects the Barings banker Nick lesion who was trader set up illegal accounts, also made significant a mounts of debt as consequences of illicit trade gambling. He sentenced to the prison term after they captured him when he had run his left in the bank so much debt that they had declared bankruptcy because of him (Davies, S.J., heating, C.A., 2008). This procedure for what it is inside of this article it discusses the accompanying inconspicuous wonder, which inheres in the system of criminal procedure deciding. The criminal procedures system of choice making, stretch the Supreme Court, to delegate discretionary power to police authorities. At that point the courts constitutional objectives can make right with the meaning, this system over delegation does not form the Supreme Court’s opposition. To secure rights in the criminal procedures in its place it goes up from a set, of institutional stresses that within the mixture distinguish criminal procedures from various types of constitutional decision-making. The recognizing the situation of the structure ove rde within the article it helps make sense that complicates normative with the debate about the Supreme Court’s decisions in criminal procedures (ORourke,Show MoreRelatedExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Wor ds   |  53 Pagesthroughout their lives. Harmful traditional and cultural practices maintain the subordination of women in society and legitimize and perpetuate gender based violence. This paper attempts to closely examine the practice of ukuthwala in the Eastern Cape which is proving to be a harmful traditional practice. In an effort to achieve that, this paper will put in proper perspective the practice of ukuthwala; it will analyse the legislative framework that provides for the prevention and protection accorded to womenRead MoreHow Policies And Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting The Safeguarding Of Children10453 Words   |  42 Pagesachieve their full potential. Every Child Matters benefits both the child and his or her family because the guidelines set by the government must be followed by the professionals at all time, and not following the guidelines is a criminal act and would result in the staff member losing the profession. The act ensures an early intervention which takes place if they suppose the child is not receiving the right type of care. This means working with other organisations such as the police, school and children’sRead MoreA Review of Leadership Theories and Possible Changes to Police Leadership10285 Words   |  42 PagesTransactional and Transformational leadership. Leadership within policing has evolved over the years in some organizations to a more participative style and yet there are still leaders who cling to an antiquated domineering style. The purpose of this paper identified trait theories, leadership theories and change strategies that have molded or are molding the policing culture. Change must occur if the culture of police organizations are going to meet the demands of the 21st century and several issuesRead MoreAuditors Independence Case Study14460 Words   |  58 Pagestypically believe their biased advice is unbiased. Politicians elected to represent the interests of their constituents have been accused of being swayed by private interests, such as personal ties, soft money donations to political campaigns, and other factors. Special interest groups preselect and even fund â€Å"independent† research to be made public at political gatherings and public conferences. Lobbyists seeking favorable legislation bend politicians’ ears, and corporations fill their campaign coffersRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages Library and information center management / Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. — 7th ed. p. cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–40 8–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. CopyrightRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesorganizations have renewed their campaign to both get justice for the survivors as well as cleaning up of the hazardous waste. This compilation of selected news stories covering the last four years is a small effort to highlight this campaign as reported by the mainstream media. For an in-depth understanding of the issues see www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/indepth/term/2542. A comprehensive collection of these up-to-date news clippings, research papers, lab studies, reports, documents, opinions and courtRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesHistory .......... .............................. NCOER / ERS ....................................... Promotions and Reductions .............................. Leaves and Passes .................................... Military Justice ...................................... Code of Conduct ..................................... Geneva Convention ................................... U.S. Constitution ..................................... Guard Duty ......................................... Army History ....Read MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesDemonstrating your knowledge of the discipline or field Revealing the qualities and skills that will help you succeed in a specific academic discipline Demonstrating your communication skills Persuading readers you have the discipline to complete a dissertation after several years—often grueling years—of reading, writing papers, conducting research, and working as a teaching assistant Writing Your Statement of Purpose I. Audience and Institutions Several readers within a specific academic discipline orRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesor other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-DavidRead MoreSources of Company Law48332 Words   |  194 Pagesof the 5. Many of the provisions of the Act implement CLR recommendations. The Government set out of the and â€Å"Modernising Company and consulted on its intentions in this regard in the White Papers â€Å"Modernising Company Law† (July regard 2002) and â€Å"Company Law Reform† (March 2005). The 2005 White Paper included approximately 300 draf t draft clauses and described in detail the policy intention for other areas. Further clauses were made for publicly publicly available for comment in July,

Mattel Case Study Free Essays

Recently Mattel faced challenges regarding their toys manufactured in China. They found out that these toys made in China have high lead content that can poison children. Mattel immediately recalled these toys, specifically: 253,000 â€Å"Sarge Cars,† â€Å"345,000 batman, 683,000 Barbie and Tanner sets and 1 million Doggie Day Care Sets (iVillage, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Mattel Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mattel immediately asked their retailers to recall these toys. How did the management of Mattel arrive to this kind of decision in order to solve this problem? This study will examine the decision process. Mattel believes in proper management is important to ensure the success of the company. And to be able to achieve it, a good manager is needed. Managers are vital ingredient of a company’s success because they are the ones responsible i company (Long, 1998). Ethics is also vital in an organization. Several times we hear about organizations being hit by scandal dealing with issues of ethics, integrity and trusty. In reality, several organizations are ethical and are not beset with scandal, lawsuits and investigations. The reason most organizations considered ethical are not dealing with this negative press is because many have instilled a culture of ethics and integrity. Since Mattel believes that ethics will be helpful to their productivity and survival, as contrast to what is perceived on television, for example, where people at all means do whatever they could to achieve something, even if it meant being dishonest. (p. 208) Mary Guy (1990) wrote that individuals who are considerate with regards to making ethical decisions influence the new comers of the organization, and will later on develop their own sensitivity on ethics. (p. 161) Ethics requires the decision maker to consider things based on important values. (p. 5). According to Jacobs and Jaques (1987), the skill requirement at the organizational level requires ethics because it is responsible for the organization’s reputation of their products and services. The company should respond to the social and community needs and it should also be concerned with public relations. (p. 31) The influence of ethics in decision making is crucial because the company or organization judges a situation based on what is morally right and fair for their clients or consumers. Not only will they lose their regulars if they fail, but they will also lose potential patrons (McGregor, 2004). They also base their decisions on how wise it should be. Seldom are there companies who are gearing towards unethical decisions just for the sole reason of achieving a goal (Minor, 2002). Usually, success comes with the right, ethical, decisions; and it has been proven for many years that is why organizations are required to make these sound judgments. References Guy, M.E. (1990). Ethical Decision Making in Everyday Work Situations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books Jacobs, T.O., Jaques, E. (1987). LEADERSHIP IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS. In J. Zeidner (Ed.). Human Productivity Enhancement: Organizations, Personnel, and Decision Making Vol. 2. Volume: 2, (pp. 7-31). New York: Praeger Publishers Long, B.C. (1998) Coping with Workplace Stress: A Multiple-Group Comparison of Female Managers and Clerical Workers. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 45(1): 65 McGregor, G. (2004, October 8). Service Network. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 45(1): 65 Miner, J.B. (2002) Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Theories, and Analyses. Oxford University Press. New York: Oxford University Press. iVillage.com (2007) Mattel Toys Recalled from China. www.iVillage.com How to cite Mattel Case Study, Free Case study samples

Myotome Poem Example For Students

Myotome Poem C1,2 I nod to you -Neck flexion/extension C3 Dont tickle me -Neck lateral flexion C4 Im not sure shoulder elevation C5 Feel alive Shoulder flexion, abduction and lateral rotation C6, 7, 8 Close the gate Shoulder extension, adduction and medial rotation C5,6 Pick up sticks Elbow flexion C7,8 Lay them straight Elbow extension C5, 6 Flick my wrists Forearm supination C7,8 The time is late -forearm pronation C6, 7 Fly up to heaven Wrist flexion and extension C7 Paper finger extension C8 Rock Finger flexion T1 Scissors Finger abduction and adduction L2, 3 Lift my knee Hip flexion L3,4 Kick the door knee extension (and knee jerk reflex) L4,5 Foot points to the sky ankle dorsiflexion L4, 5 Extend my thigh Hip extension L5, S1, (S2) Kick my bum, (run to poo) knee flexion S1,2 Stand on my shoes Ankle plantarflexion (and ankle jerk) (Babinski in L5,S1,S2) L2,3,4 Modestly close the door Hip adduction internal rotation L4- S2 The opposite is true Hip abduction and external/lateral rotation C3,4,5 Keeps diaphragm alive Innervates diaphragm S2,3,4 Keeps shit off the floor innervates bowel, bladder, sex organs, anal sphincter, melvic muscles (anal wink reflex)